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Recent observations by the Tibet ASγ experiment and the LHAASO collaboration have revealed diffuse gamma-ray emission extending up to the PeV range, opening a new window to study the origin and transport of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs). These measurements challenge conventional propagation scenarios and have been suggested to be more naturally explained within models of spatially inhomogeneous cosmic-ray diffusion. At the same time, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory has achieved the first detection of neutrino emission from the Galactic plane, providing a complementary probe of the distribution of CRs in the Milky Way up to the knee.
In this talk, I will discuss how diffuse gamma-ray and neutrino observations can help us constrain non-uniform diffusion models and what the implications of these recent results are for CRs. I will then focus on the impact of inhomogeneous and anisotropic diffusion on our understanding of cosmic-ray antiparticles and indirect dark matter searches, briefly discussing the potential impact of such models in in heavy CR nuclei. Finally, I will briefly address the role of additional anisotropies, often neglected in standard analyses, and their effect on the determination of key cosmic-ray propagation parameters.